What Is A Spatial Database and Why Do We Need It?

What is a spatial database?

A spatial database is a database that is enhanced to store and access spatial data or data that defines a geometric space. These data are often associated with geographic locations and features or constructed features like cities. Data on spatial databases are stored as coordinates, points, lines, polygons, and topology. Some spatial databases handle more complex data like three-dimensional objects, topological coverage, and linear networks.

The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) developed the Simple Features specification (first released in 1997) and sets standards for adding spatial functionality to database systems. The SQL/MM Spatial ISO/IEC standard is a part of the SQL/MM multimedia standard and extends the Simple Features standard with data types that support circular interpolations.

What makes it different from other database systems?

Common database systems use indexes for a faster and more efficient search and access of data. This index, however, is not fit for spatial queries. Instead, spatial databases use something like a unique index called a spatial index to speed up database performance. Spatial indexing is very much required because a system should be able to retrieve data from a large collection of objects without really searching the whole bunch. It should also support relationships between connecting objects from different classes in a better manner than just filtering.

Aside from the indexes, spatial databases also offer spatial data types in their data model and query language. These databases require special kinds of data types to provide a fundamental abstraction and model the structure of the geometric objects with their corresponding relationships and operations in the spatial environment. Without these kinds of data types, the system would not be able to support the kind of modeling a spatial database offers.

Why do we need a database?

The answer is simple when it comes to the advantages:

• Reduced data redundancy
• Reduced updating errors and increased consistency
• Greater data integrity and independence from applications programs
• Improved data access to users through the use of host and query languages
• Improved data security
• Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs
• Facilitated development of new applications program

Sources: Database – Advantages & Disadvantages, Spatial Database, Simple Features